Community Service vs Service-Learning :: Teaching Education Research

Community service is defined as voluntary or involuntary work done by individuals to provide service to disadvantaged groups or public areas. While community service has numerous benefits, it only focuses on unidimensional service and caters to a current need setting nothing in place to implement substantial change in the future. In contrast, service learning focuses on reciprocity and sets a foundation to create changes in communities. Service learning is defined as an organized collaborative process that requires individuals to actively participate in service projects. Community service is often viewed as volunteerism rather than service learning. Individuals often times tend to establish barriers between the provider and the person receiving help and never focusing on gaining anything from the group or person being assisted. Service learning is important because it allows individuals to become aware about important issues, gain new perspectives and provides learning experiences for volunteers as well as individuals from underserved groups. Because of the numerous benefits, college students should enroll in the Service Learning courses or service learning based programs. These programs allows students to move away from the dualism versus unity point of view and focus on reciprocity and provides the skills necessary to approach future service experiences with a service learning perspective.

Physical Education Essay

1. History and meaning of Physical Education. History of Physical Education The Spartans and Athenians were the first to have a type of physical education. Though very different, both systems served the people and supplied their needs. The Spartan system was similar to dictatorship, a form of government. At the age of seven, boys were taken to learn basic military skills while living in barracks. When they reached the age of fourteen, they began learning group fighting tactics which would allow them to succeed while in the military from the ages of twenty to thirty. Once thirty, the men could then marry a women who had been doing some training of her own in order to make strong babies. The philosophy of the Spartans was basically to allow them to invade other countries if desired, and to prevent other countries from invading them. see more:legal basis of education The philosophy of the Athenians was quite different compared to the Spartans. The Athenian culture was very democratic, and focused on training of the mind and body. Reading and writing was a large part of society as well as physical activity which took place in the center of the city where the gymnasium was located. The physical education philosophy of the Athenians was the high point of physical education for many years. Some other cycles in physical education that we have evolved from are that of the Romans, the dark ages, and the crusades. The Roman era is a bit disturbing, but is nonetheless a cycle of physical education. Physical education for the Romans was about athletics, which was primarily about entertainment. People were forced to fight to the death, and oftentimes fed to lions. During the dark ages, religion viewed physical education as a waste of time and a work of the devil. The dark ages were a very sedentary time for human civilization. Following the dark ages in approximately 1096, were the crusades. The crusades were a time of muscular Christianity, because of the Muslims conquering Jerusalem. Muscular Christianity is basically Christians believing that the more one trained to become good soldiers, the more Christian a person was. In 1270, the crusades ended and so did the thought of physical education being worthwhile until approximately 1400 when the renaissance period began. Physical education during the renaissance period is quite similar to physical education today. It is done to better oneself, not to be doing something for someone else. The development of physical education had another setback in the 1600’s when it was very functional and not a priority. People believed that if it did not have a specific purpose, than it was a waste of time. During the 1700’s, there was a big change in physical education that can be largely attributed to three people: Rousseau, Johan Simon, and Guts Muths. Rousseau was the first person to promote education for the masses and he also thought of play as being educational. In 1712, Rousseau invented an activity that is still used by millions of children everyday, recess. Johan Simon was the first physical education teacher and believed physical education should be taught along with reading and writing. Simon believed physical education should include a lot of physical labor. Guts Muths developed a series of gymnastic apparatuses and believed physical education developed very important social skills. These people of the 1700’s and the things they did began paving the road to where we are today. During the 1800’s, physical education programs were finding their way into universities which contributed to many things we have today. New sports were being invented, intramurals were being brought into schools, women began exercising, gymnasiums could be found in most colleges, and many recreational areas and parks were being built in order to decrease the crime rate. This continued on into the 1900’s which brought on the creation of the National Collegiate Athletic Association to regulate college athletics, and the golden age of sports during the 20†² and 30’s. During this golden age of sport, the number of people in sport increased dramatically, the number of teachers increased, and physical education began moving toward the involvement of sport. In 1941, World War II began which brought a big shock along with it. Of the first 2 million males drafted, 45% failed their physical. With this, physical education began to be very strongly pushed in schools in order to improve the health of the American people. Since W.W. II, the United States has continued to press the importance of physical education, which brings it to where it is today, a highly complex field with many different sub-disciplines. The sub-disciplines are: â€Å"Exercise physiology, which is the study of bodily systems and their reactions to the stress of exercise. Kinesiology, which is the study of how the muscular system moves the bony structure of the body. Biomechanics, which is the study of the human body as a mechanical system, utilizing principles and applications from physics. Motor learning, which is the changes in motor performance related to experience and practice. Sport sociology, which is the social structure, social patterns, and social organization of groups engaged in sport. Sport Psychology, which is the stud of behavioral and psychological issues and problems in sport. Sport pedagogy, which is the study of the processes of teaching and coaching, the outcomes of such endeavors, and the content of fitness, physical-education, and sport-education programs.† (Siedentop) These sub-disciplines have created many new jobs for people in the field of education, and will surely branch off to form others in the future. Physical education has definitely come a long way since the Spartans and Athenians. From an authoritarian type system to promoting lifespan physical education with many sciences studying the different intangibles of physical education in order to better the mind and body. These new sciences have obviously broadened the â€Å"umbrella of physical education†, but when looking to the future, there really is no end in sight. The growing â€Å"umbrella† will continue getting larger as new thoughts and ideas come, and with them, new sciences also. Definition of Physical Education Physical Education is an educational course taken during primary and secondary level, and even tertiary level that encourages psychomotor learning in a play or movement exploration setting to promote health. It is also defined as a process of learning through physical activities designed to improve physical fitness, develop motor skills, knowledge and behavior of healthy and active living, sportsmanship, and emotional intelligence. Thus, Physical Education is not only aimed at physical development but also includes the development of the individual as a whole. 2. Concepts of physical education Physical Development Objective — deals with the program of activities that builds physical power in an individual through the development of the various organic systems of the body. Motor Development Objective — concerned with making physical movement useful and with as little expenditure of energy as possible and being proficient, graceful, and aesthetic in this movement. Mental Development Objective — deals with the accumulation a body knowledge and the ability to think and to interpret this knowledge. Social Development Objective — concerned with helping an individual in making personal adjustments, group adjustment, and adjustments as a member of society. 3. What are the legal basis and related activities in physical education? The legal basis of physical education is stated in the 1987 Constitution, Article XIV Section 19. (1) The State shall promote physical education and encourage sports programs, league competitions, and amateur sports, including training for international competitions, to foster self-discipline, teamwork, and excellence for the development of a healthy and alert citizenry. (2) All educational institution shall undertake regular sports activities throughout the country in cooperation with athletic clubs and other sectors.

William Shakespeare s Othello Race And Performance

PAGE 1 Pass Ilari Pass ENGL 400 Seminar: Literature and Ethics Hood 7 November 2014 Barbary Horse: Race and Performance in Othello Ethics never went out of fashion in philosophy. It did, however, in literary studies. In Critical Terms for Literary Study, Geoffrey Galt Harpham asks, ?What is ethics? The answers to this simple inquiry are complexity itself, for they take us straight to the decentered center of ethics, its concern for ?the other (394). According to Harpham, ?Ethics does not solve problems, it structures them? (404). Ethics, he argues further, helps humans to articulate and negotiate questions of moral law and the human other. Shakespeare?s Othello serves as a brilliant example of how literature explores such questions. The essays and texts that will be discussed here can help readers articulate and negotiate those questions?both in Othello and in the world. The characters in Shakespeare?s play use language to ?other? Othello. Examining that language?and interrogating the way black actors playing Othello have been treated?helps a reader to consider the ethical dilemma of race and language. In an essay titled ?Shakespeare?s Othello: Sinned Against or Sinning Anthony Bisti writes, ?William Shakespeare was responsible for creating some of the most time-honored characters in all of literature,? including Othello (Bisti 1). Bisti explains further that Shakespeare?s characters have had a profound effect on us as readers, leavingShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Sax s Film Othello 1457 Words   |  6 PagesGeoffrey Sax s advanced retelling of William Shakespeare s Othello can control Shakespeare s unique ideas in spite of the time period and connection in which both writings happen, while investigating the all inclusive topics of prejudice, misogyny and force. 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The Earliest Record Of Immigration Policy - 975 Words

The earliest record of immigration policy in the United States is from 1790, when the Naturalization Act of 1790 was put into effect, in which it â€Å"establish[ed] a uniform rule of naturalization and a two year residency requirement for aliens who are ‘free white persons’ of ‘good moral character’† (â€Å"Timeline,† web). The United States of America is a country that gives value to hard work and freedom. Two hundred and forty years ago, in July, our nation was founded by â€Å"radicals† who immigrated by crossing the Atlantic while looking for the liberty to govern themselves and find a better lifestyle in which they could have control over their economic, religious, and educational decisions. Throughout the history of the United States, there has been many important milestones regarding the immigrants rights movement. Starting with the thirteen colonies, and later the industrial revolution, and the ones most of us are familiar wit h such as the 1986 amnesty passed by President Ronald Reagan and the DACA policy put into place by President Barack Obama through his executive power. There have been many leaders, many protests, and many organizations both pro-immigration and anti-immigration. However, in the current stage of the immigrants rights movement, one of the most important organizations that support and fight for the movement is United We Dream, the largest youth led organization in the country. Many call the immigrants rights movement the â€Å"civil rights of the 21st century†Show MoreRelatedThe American Of The United States778 Words   |  4 Pagesflow into the US till the late 1800’s when the first immigration policies were created. The first immigrants to come to the US were seeking economic opportunities. However, because the price of passage was steep, about half or more of the white Europeans who made the voyage did so by becoming servants to large companies. As whites were the first to come to America and continued to be the dominate group this would fuel later issues in immigration. Another group of immigrants who arrived against theirRead MoreThe American Of The United States817 Words   |  4 Pagesflow into the US till the late 1800’s when the first immigration policies were created. The first immigrants to come to the US were seeking economic opportunities. However, because the price of passage was steep, about half or more of the white Europeans who made the voyage did so by becoming servants to large companies. As whites were the first to come to America and continued to be the dominate group this would fuel later issues in immigration. 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Job Satisfaction, Productivity, Absenteeism and Turnover...

Sr. No. | Topic | Page | 1. | Letter of Acknowledgement | 2 | 2. | Topic | 3 | 3. | Background Information and Sources | 5 | 4. | Rational for the study | 7 | 5. | Informational Need | 8 | 6. | Methodology | 9 | 7. | Analysis and Results | 12 | 8. | Conclusions | 22 | 9. | Recommendations | 23 | 10. | Addendum | 24 | Table of Contents Letter of Acknowledgement Institute of Business Management Korangi Creek, Karachi-75190, Pakistan UAN (9221)111-002-004, Fax: (9221) 509-0968 http://www.iobm.edu.pk Dear Reader, Dated: 8th August 2012 It is an honor for us to prepare this report on â€Å"Relation of gender with productivity,†¦show more content†¦(e.g.: Darity and Mason 1998, Anderson 2001, etc). In 1997, a major influence on this research by laid by Clark, who was an economist. He explained the satisfaction gap between male and female employees by stating that both genders have different life goals that ultimately affect their satisfaction levels. In the year 2000, another two economists, Sloane and Williams built up on Clark’s work. They introduced the concept of â€Å"taste† and it explained why women generally showed better satisfaction levels than male employees. A recent research held at Nuffield College, Oxford by Min Zou takes this investigation to the next level. It divides the reason of gender difference in satisfaction into three categories, 1) intrinsic orientation, 2) extrinsic orientation and 3) relational orientation. 2.3 Gender amp; Turnover: Some basic research has simply proved that women had greater rate of turnover than men (Miller and Wheeler 1992, Cravens and Johnson 2000, etc). The reasons given behind this are fewer advancement opportunities for women, lesser pay and greater levels of job dissatisfaction. Donnelly and Quirin (2006) stated that women tend to leave more due to pregnancy and child birth. Tenure also plays an important role when it comes to turnover. Senior workers, male or females usually displayed less rates of turnover. (Trimple 2006) 2.4 Gender amp; Absenteeism: Research states that women are generally more absent due to household care. (Barmby, Ercolani,Show MoreRelatedThe Problem of Childcare Essay1732 Words   |  7 PagesThere are two reasons why businesses should also be concerned and are as follows: * Firstly, problems with child care can adversely affect the job performance of working parents by increasing absenteeism, tardiness, turnover rates and recruiting and training costs. 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Job satisfaction can be influenced by a variety of factors, eg, the quality of ones relationship with their supervisor, the quality of the physical environment in which they work, degree of fulfillment in their work, etc. Education sector is the most dynamic and developing sector.TheRead MoreOb Testplan Attitudes5920 Words   |  24 PagesChapter 3 Values, Attitudes, and Job Satisfaction MULTIPLE CHOICE Values 1. ____ represent basic convictions that â€Å"a specific mode of conduct or end state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite mode of conduct.† a. Values b. Attitudes c. Convictions d. Preferences (a; Moderate; p. 63) 2. The content attribute states a value is: a. complete. b. important. c. a basic conviction. d. related to behavior. Read MoreResearch-Proposal-on-Causes-of-Employee-Turnover4423 Words   |  18 PagesEMPLOYEE TURNOVER ABSTRACT This proposal is aimed at conducting a study to investigate the causes of employee turnover. Proposed study will use different research articles to develop a model which shows that employee satisfaction, employee motivation and employee involvement has an impact on employee turnover. Introduction to Proposed Research Title CAUSES OF EMPLOYEE TURNOVER: Background of Study Employee turnover is theRead MoreThe Relationship Between Job Satisfaction and Absenteeism in a Selected Field Services Section Within an Electricity Utility in the Western Cape31415 Words   |  126 PagesTHE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN JOB SATISFACTION AND ABSENTEEISM IN A SELECTED FIELD SERVICES SECTION WITHIN AN ELECTRICITY UTILITY IN THE WESTERN CAPE BEVERLEY ANN JOSIAS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF COMMERCE IN THE FACULTY OF ECONOMIC AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WESTERN CAPE NOVEMBER 2005 SUPERVISOR: Mr Karl Heslop 1 ABSTRACT Absenteeism - employees not showing up forRead MoreThe Concept Of Organisational Commitment Essay1622 Words   |  7 Pages firstly, an affective commitment which refers to strong emotional attachment to the organisation and favourable correlations with performance, attendance and organisational citizenship behaviour with respect to organisation relevance as well as stress and work-family conflict outcomes with respect to employee relevance ( John P, at 2001 ). 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Job can be influenced by variety of factors like quality of one’s relationship with their supervisor, quality of physical environment in which they work, degree of fulfillment in their work, etc. Positive attitude towards job are equivalent to job satisfaction where as negative attitude towards job has been defined variously from time to time. In short job satisfaction is a person’s attitude

Challenges and Best Practices in Corporate Governance Free Essays

Former Finance Secretary Jesus Estanislao once compared good corporate governance as keeping one’s house in order. Most people want well-run households, one that keeps a lid on expenses while keeping things neat and clean and takes care of the various needs of family members. In the business setting, a clean house is more attractive to prospective investors. We will write a custom essay sample on Challenges and Best Practices in Corporate Governance or any similar topic only for you Order Now Good corporate governance promotes transparency, accountability and responsibility. Corporate governance is not just about ethical conduct or being transparent and fair to stakeholders, it is also a means to improve a company’s performance, competitiveness and sustainability. In the Philippines, compliance with corporate governance codes is still relatively low. It is probably an offshoot of the way most Asian economies do business, which is largely personal and based on connections—whether by family, affinity or friends. In addition, the adoption of good corporate governance practices is a function of a firm’s financial performance. In Singapore for example, a relatively developed economy, a recent report showed a widening gap between companies with strong and weak corporate governance policies. But it is when crisis occurs when the defects in corporate governance are seen. Learning curves for the adoption of scorecards and best practices for corporate governance are a tad high, and maybe difficult for several companies to implement. Dr. Estanislao once said that his advocacy for companies in the Philippines to adopt good corporate governance standards is a slow burn. But someone has to do it, and progress must start as soon as possible so it can also blossom faster. How to cite Challenges and Best Practices in Corporate Governance, Papers

Mohandis Karamchand Gandhi Essay Example For Students

Mohandis Karamchand Gandhi Essay Mohandis Karamchand Gandhi was born in October 2,1869. He grew up in amiddle-class Hindu family. He married at the age of 13 to Kasturbu a girl hisage. As a young boy, he traveled to England to study law. In 1891, he returnedto India but did not succeed as a lawyer. Gandhi thought it would be better offif he moved to South Africa to practice law but all he got was a taste of theApartheid. This is where he starts a non-violent fight called Ahimsa. He calledit Satyagraha or truth force. Satyagraha was in truth civil disobedience. This was rooted by Hindu beliefs and Christian traditions. Also, philosopherHenry David Thoreau influenced Gandhi. His goal was to convert thewrongdoer. To make the world aware of British injustice laws we allow thegovernment to punish him with out striking back. One example of this is whenGandhi burned a pass that was required carried with you if you were not whitethe British officials beat him up for this. Another example was The Salt Marchin 1930 when Gandhi led his followers from his home to the coast (200 miles) sothey could make there own salt in stead of buying the heavily priced salt. Inboth situations, Gandhi was arrested but it did spark a lot of attention. In1915 Gandhi left South Africa and went to India. When World War two started theINC (Indian National Congress) refused to help Britain unless they were grantedfreedom. When they were denied Gandhi and members from congress started theQuit India movement. They asked the people of India not to corporatewith the British. I n turn, Gandhi was once again imprisoned along with 20,000congress members. As the war went on Britain was becoming to weak to hold on toIndia. As independence came near Hindu-Muslim violence broke out. The Muslimsfelt that their rights would not be respected in a Hindu dominating country. Astension grew Gandhi tried very hard to fight this. He almost fasted to hisdeath. By 1946, widespread rioting broke out. Instead of fighting Britain, Indiawas fighting its self. Britain decided to partition India in two: One nationwas Hindu dominated India lead by Jawaharal Nehru as Prime Minister and theother was Pakistan with most of the population Muslim lead by Jinnah as governorgeneral. Finally, India was independent. He was deeply distressed by thereligious partition of the country into India and Pakistan. When violence brokeout between Hindus and Muslims, he resorted to fasts and visits to the troubledareas in efforts to end the violence. He was on one such prayer vigil in NewDelhi when a Hindu extremist who objected to Gandhis tolerance for theMuslims fatally shot him. Gandhi was a great Indian nationalist and spiritualleader who developed the practice of nonviolent disobedience that forced GreatBritain to grant independence to India (1947). He dedicated his life to betterthe world. He even got the title of Mahatma, which means Great Soul. Itwas a lost to every one when he died.