The Earliest Record Of Immigration Policy - 975 Words

The earliest record of immigration policy in the United States is from 1790, when the Naturalization Act of 1790 was put into effect, in which it â€Å"establish[ed] a uniform rule of naturalization and a two year residency requirement for aliens who are ‘free white persons’ of ‘good moral character’† (â€Å"Timeline,† web). The United States of America is a country that gives value to hard work and freedom. Two hundred and forty years ago, in July, our nation was founded by â€Å"radicals† who immigrated by crossing the Atlantic while looking for the liberty to govern themselves and find a better lifestyle in which they could have control over their economic, religious, and educational decisions. Throughout the history of the United States, there has been many important milestones regarding the immigrants rights movement. Starting with the thirteen colonies, and later the industrial revolution, and the ones most of us are familiar wit h such as the 1986 amnesty passed by President Ronald Reagan and the DACA policy put into place by President Barack Obama through his executive power. There have been many leaders, many protests, and many organizations both pro-immigration and anti-immigration. However, in the current stage of the immigrants rights movement, one of the most important organizations that support and fight for the movement is United We Dream, the largest youth led organization in the country. Many call the immigrants rights movement the â€Å"civil rights of the 21st century†Show MoreRelatedThe American Of The United States778 Words   |  4 Pagesflow into the US till the late 1800’s when the first immigration policies were created. The first immigrants to come to the US were seeking economic opportunities. However, because the price of passage was steep, about half or more of the white Europeans who made the voyage did so by becoming servants to large companies. As whites were the first to come to America and continued to be the dominate group this would fuel later issues in immigration. Another group of immigrants who arrived against theirRead MoreThe American Of The United States817 Words   |  4 Pagesflow into the US till the late 1800’s when the first immigration policies were created. The first immigrants to come to the US were seeking economic opportunities. However, because the price of passage was steep, about half or more of the white Europeans who made the voyage did so by becoming servants to large companies. As whites were the first to come to America and continued to be the dominate group this would fuel later issues in immigration. Another group of immigrants who arrived against theirRead MoreLevel 3 diploma for the children and young peoples workforce - Safeguarding1513 Words   |  7 PagesAnd Young People! Safeguarding is a measure taken to having suitable policies, procedures and risk assessments as guide to protect service users who may for some reason under personal circumstances be vulnerable to abuse. It should be regarded as ‘everybody’s business’ and must commit to ensuring children, young people and vulnerable adults are protected from any form of mistreatment.! ! ! ! Purpose of the policy! ! To protect and promote the welfare of the children and young adultsRead MoreImmigration And The United States1762 Words   |  8 PagesImmigration Motives Introduction From the very day, the U.S. attained its sovereignty over two centuries ago, it has been in the middle of an immigration wave. Immigrants from various distant lands have continued to move to the U.S. shores to start their lives seeking economic opportunity, political refuge or religious freedom. Since 2000, the number of immigrants has hit the highest level ever. Over seven million people entered the country in the first five years of the 21st century, beatingRead MoreHillary Clinton1642 Words   |  7 Pagesmaking what appears to be impossible, possible.† Hillary attended Yale Law School and began her work as an advocate for children and families. As a law student, she represented foster children and parents in family court and worked on some of the earliest studies creating legal standards for identifying and protecting abused children. After her graduation from Yale in 1973, she went on to be a staff attorney for the Children Defense Fund. She was one of two women lawyers on the staff of the HouseRead MoreIllegal Immigration : The United States1876 Words   |  8 PagesIllegal Immigration Due to the economic benefits of immigrant labor, the dangers of central American countries, and the basic human rights of noncitizens, the US government must grant amnesty to undocumented immigrants. Illegal immigration has become a rising issue in the US over the past few years, and it will continue to heat up coming into this year s presidential election. This issue is also very present in the local community due to it’s diversity and large Hispanic population. GenerallyRead MoreImmigration Policy Institute ( Mpi ) Immigration2072 Words   |  9 PagesChapter 1: Introduction Background and Justification 　　According to Migration Policy Institute(MPI) immigration is a prominent part of the United States DNA. Among different immigrant groups in the United States it is highly uneven, and the size of the unauthorized population continues to be a powerful barrier to social cohesion, full social economic, and political integration. (Jimenez, 2016) The Research Problem 　　Concerns still exist about immigrants ability to integrate into broader societyRead MoreCriminal Justice Outline1660 Words   |  7 Pagesverses someone who had no felonies and committed the same crime. As California says â€Å"three strikes and you are out.† Determinate sentencing is also known as fixed sentencing.† It is when a criminal gets a definite prison term. Inmates are told their earliest release dates upon entry into the prison. More inmates were found to be either opposed to or undecided about than in favor of determinate sentencing.( Ball 2009) Even in determinate sentencing good time and credit still apply to those who push themselvesRead MoreThe Race, Racialization, Ethnicity And Racism1384 Words   |  6 PagesWhen immigrants flooded the shores of the United States in the earliest part of the twentieth century, the Immigration Commission hired an anthropologist to prepare a Dictionary of Races of Races or People. W.E.B. Du Bois observed in the late 1930s that no scientific definition of race is possible. He said Race is a dynamic and not a static conception, and that typical races are continually changing and developing, amalgamating and differentiating. What Du Bois meant in layman’s term was that itRead MoreImmigration Effects On United States1943 Words   |  8 PagesChauntel Clay Professor Kuzmack 12/7/2014 Research Paper Immigration Effects on United States Immigration has been a topic of discussion since the beginning of time. The question to let immigrants in or not to. Even till this day President Obama is still facing the immigration problems and whether to reform it or not. That should not be the problems since our country was started with Immigrants. The only people who were here were the Native Americans. So is it fair to say that we should not keep

Job Satisfaction, Productivity, Absenteeism and Turnover...

Sr. No. | Topic | Page | 1. | Letter of Acknowledgement | 2 | 2. | Topic | 3 | 3. | Background Information and Sources | 5 | 4. | Rational for the study | 7 | 5. | Informational Need | 8 | 6. | Methodology | 9 | 7. | Analysis and Results | 12 | 8. | Conclusions | 22 | 9. | Recommendations | 23 | 10. | Addendum | 24 | Table of Contents Letter of Acknowledgement Institute of Business Management Korangi Creek, Karachi-75190, Pakistan UAN (9221)111-002-004, Fax: (9221) 509-0968 http://www.iobm.edu.pk Dear Reader, Dated: 8th August 2012 It is an honor for us to prepare this report on â€Å"Relation of gender with productivity,†¦show more content†¦(e.g.: Darity and Mason 1998, Anderson 2001, etc). In 1997, a major influence on this research by laid by Clark, who was an economist. He explained the satisfaction gap between male and female employees by stating that both genders have different life goals that ultimately affect their satisfaction levels. In the year 2000, another two economists, Sloane and Williams built up on Clark’s work. They introduced the concept of â€Å"taste† and it explained why women generally showed better satisfaction levels than male employees. A recent research held at Nuffield College, Oxford by Min Zou takes this investigation to the next level. It divides the reason of gender difference in satisfaction into three categories, 1) intrinsic orientation, 2) extrinsic orientation and 3) relational orientation. 2.3 Gender amp; Turnover: Some basic research has simply proved that women had greater rate of turnover than men (Miller and Wheeler 1992, Cravens and Johnson 2000, etc). The reasons given behind this are fewer advancement opportunities for women, lesser pay and greater levels of job dissatisfaction. Donnelly and Quirin (2006) stated that women tend to leave more due to pregnancy and child birth. Tenure also plays an important role when it comes to turnover. Senior workers, male or females usually displayed less rates of turnover. (Trimple 2006) 2.4 Gender amp; Absenteeism: Research states that women are generally more absent due to household care. (Barmby, Ercolani,Show MoreRelatedThe Problem of Childcare Essay1732 Words   |  7 PagesThere are two reasons why businesses should also be concerned and are as follows: * Firstly, problems with child care can adversely affect the job performance of working parents by increasing absenteeism, tardiness, turnover rates and recruiting and training costs. These in turn, can adversely affect productivity and work quality and ultimately the competitiveness of the businesses that employ these workers. * Secondly, in the past such problemsRead MoreThe Effect of the Use of Social Networking Sites in the Workplace on Job Performance18692 Words   |  75 PagesEFFECT OF THE USE OF SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES IN THE WORKPLACE ON JOB PERFORMANCE A Dissertation by MURAD MOQBEL Submitted to Texas AM International University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION May 2012 Concentration: Management Information Systems THE EFFECT OF THE USE OF SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES IN THE WORKPLACE ON JOB PERFORMANCE A Dissertation by MURAD MOQBEL SubmittedRead MoreJob Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction3690 Words   |  15 PagesJOB SATISFACTION AND DISSATISFACTION By Bambang Fahruddin, S.Pd Posted: May 29th, 2008 INTRODUCTION The discussion of job satisfaction and dissatisfaction is largely generated from the theories proposed by Maslow which is known with the so call â€Å"the needs theory† and Herzberg’s theory that is called â€Å"two-factor theory† or â€Å"hygiene theory†. Both job satisfaction and dissatisfaction are assumed critical for the organizations to manage since they absolutely affect the productivity as well as theRead MoreA Study on Job Satisfaction of Faculty Members1622 Words   |  7 PagesA STUDY ON JOB SATISFACTION OF FACULTY MEMBERS IN EDUCATION SECTOR K.R.Sowmya1, Dr.N.Panchanatham2 Abstract Job satisfaction is in regard to ones feelings or state-of-mind regarding the nature of their work. Job satisfaction can be influenced by a variety of factors, eg, the quality of ones relationship with their supervisor, the quality of the physical environment in which they work, degree of fulfillment in their work, etc. Education sector is the most dynamic and developing sector.TheRead MoreOb Testplan Attitudes5920 Words   |  24 PagesChapter 3 Values, Attitudes, and Job Satisfaction MULTIPLE CHOICE Values 1. ____ represent basic convictions that â€Å"a specific mode of conduct or end state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite mode of conduct.† a. Values b. Attitudes c. Convictions d. Preferences (a; Moderate; p. 63) 2. The content attribute states a value is: a. complete. b. important. c. a basic conviction. d. related to behavior. Read MoreResearch-Proposal-on-Causes-of-Employee-Turnover4423 Words   |  18 PagesEMPLOYEE TURNOVER ABSTRACT This proposal is aimed at conducting a study to investigate the causes of employee turnover. Proposed study will use different research articles to develop a model which shows that employee satisfaction, employee motivation and employee involvement has an impact on employee turnover. Introduction to Proposed Research Title CAUSES OF EMPLOYEE TURNOVER: Background of Study Employee turnover is theRead MoreThe Relationship Between Job Satisfaction and Absenteeism in a Selected Field Services Section Within an Electricity Utility in the Western Cape31415 Words   |  126 PagesTHE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN JOB SATISFACTION AND ABSENTEEISM IN A SELECTED FIELD SERVICES SECTION WITHIN AN ELECTRICITY UTILITY IN THE WESTERN CAPE BEVERLEY ANN JOSIAS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF COMMERCE IN THE FACULTY OF ECONOMIC AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WESTERN CAPE NOVEMBER 2005 SUPERVISOR: Mr Karl Heslop 1 ABSTRACT Absenteeism - employees not showing up forRead MoreThe Concept Of Organisational Commitment Essay1622 Words   |  7 Pages firstly, an affective commitment which refers to strong emotional attachment to the organisation and favourable correlations with performance, attendance and organisational citizenship behaviour with respect to organisation relevance as well as stress and work-family conflict outcomes with respect to employee relevance ( John P, at 2001 ). Secondly, Continuance commitment which refers to perceived costs associated with leaving the particular organisation due to various reasons such as the financialRead MoreJob Satisfaction3139 Words   |  13 PagesJob Satisfaction Abstract Employee job satisfaction and retention happens to be an issue to be debated in terms of attaining an increased degree of productivity within the organization. Job satisfaction is best defined as a set of feelings and emotions employees associate with their work. Theoretically, an organization with employees that display actions of substantial absenteeism as well as turnover due to low levels of job satisfaction would generally suffer from greater recruitment and retrainingRead MoreA Study on Employee Job Satisfaction11197 Words   |  45 Pages1 INTRODUCTION Job satisfaction in regards to one’s feeling or state of mind regarding nature of their work. Job can be influenced by variety of factors like quality of one’s relationship with their supervisor, quality of physical environment in which they work, degree of fulfillment in their work, etc. Positive attitude towards job are equivalent to job satisfaction where as negative attitude towards job has been defined variously from time to time. In short job satisfaction is a person’s attitude

Challenges and Best Practices in Corporate Governance Free Essays

Former Finance Secretary Jesus Estanislao once compared good corporate governance as keeping one’s house in order. Most people want well-run households, one that keeps a lid on expenses while keeping things neat and clean and takes care of the various needs of family members. In the business setting, a clean house is more attractive to prospective investors. We will write a custom essay sample on Challenges and Best Practices in Corporate Governance or any similar topic only for you Order Now Good corporate governance promotes transparency, accountability and responsibility. Corporate governance is not just about ethical conduct or being transparent and fair to stakeholders, it is also a means to improve a company’s performance, competitiveness and sustainability. In the Philippines, compliance with corporate governance codes is still relatively low. It is probably an offshoot of the way most Asian economies do business, which is largely personal and based on connections—whether by family, affinity or friends. In addition, the adoption of good corporate governance practices is a function of a firm’s financial performance. In Singapore for example, a relatively developed economy, a recent report showed a widening gap between companies with strong and weak corporate governance policies. But it is when crisis occurs when the defects in corporate governance are seen. Learning curves for the adoption of scorecards and best practices for corporate governance are a tad high, and maybe difficult for several companies to implement. Dr. Estanislao once said that his advocacy for companies in the Philippines to adopt good corporate governance standards is a slow burn. But someone has to do it, and progress must start as soon as possible so it can also blossom faster. How to cite Challenges and Best Practices in Corporate Governance, Papers

Mohandis Karamchand Gandhi Essay Example For Students

Mohandis Karamchand Gandhi Essay Mohandis Karamchand Gandhi was born in October 2,1869. He grew up in amiddle-class Hindu family. He married at the age of 13 to Kasturbu a girl hisage. As a young boy, he traveled to England to study law. In 1891, he returnedto India but did not succeed as a lawyer. Gandhi thought it would be better offif he moved to South Africa to practice law but all he got was a taste of theApartheid. This is where he starts a non-violent fight called Ahimsa. He calledit Satyagraha or truth force. Satyagraha was in truth civil disobedience. This was rooted by Hindu beliefs and Christian traditions. Also, philosopherHenry David Thoreau influenced Gandhi. His goal was to convert thewrongdoer. To make the world aware of British injustice laws we allow thegovernment to punish him with out striking back. One example of this is whenGandhi burned a pass that was required carried with you if you were not whitethe British officials beat him up for this. Another example was The Salt Marchin 1930 when Gandhi led his followers from his home to the coast (200 miles) sothey could make there own salt in stead of buying the heavily priced salt. Inboth situations, Gandhi was arrested but it did spark a lot of attention. In1915 Gandhi left South Africa and went to India. When World War two started theINC (Indian National Congress) refused to help Britain unless they were grantedfreedom. When they were denied Gandhi and members from congress started theQuit India movement. They asked the people of India not to corporatewith the British. I n turn, Gandhi was once again imprisoned along with 20,000congress members. As the war went on Britain was becoming to weak to hold on toIndia. As independence came near Hindu-Muslim violence broke out. The Muslimsfelt that their rights would not be respected in a Hindu dominating country. Astension grew Gandhi tried very hard to fight this. He almost fasted to hisdeath. By 1946, widespread rioting broke out. Instead of fighting Britain, Indiawas fighting its self. Britain decided to partition India in two: One nationwas Hindu dominated India lead by Jawaharal Nehru as Prime Minister and theother was Pakistan with most of the population Muslim lead by Jinnah as governorgeneral. Finally, India was independent. He was deeply distressed by thereligious partition of the country into India and Pakistan. When violence brokeout between Hindus and Muslims, he resorted to fasts and visits to the troubledareas in efforts to end the violence. He was on one such prayer vigil in NewDelhi when a Hindu extremist who objected to Gandhis tolerance for theMuslims fatally shot him. Gandhi was a great Indian nationalist and spiritualleader who developed the practice of nonviolent disobedience that forced GreatBritain to grant independence to India (1947). He dedicated his life to betterthe world. He even got the title of Mahatma, which means Great Soul. Itwas a lost to every one when he died.

Transcendentalist Movement Essays - Transcendentalism, Lecturers

Transcendentalist Movement Transcendentalism was a literary movement in the first half of the 19th century. The philosophical theory contained such aspects as self-examination, the celebration of individualism, and the belief that the fundamental truths existed outside of human experience. Fulfillment of this search for knowledge came when one gained an acute awareness of beauty and truth, and communicated with nature to find union with the Over-Soul. When this occurred, one was cleansed of materialistic aims, and was left with a sense of self-reliance and purity. Two authors who were among the leaders of the movement were Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau, whose works "Nature", "Self-Reliance", and "Walden" brought America to the forefront of the transcendentalist movement. Their ideas opposed the popular materialist views of life and voiced a desire for freedom of the individual from artificial restraints. They felt that if they explored nature thoroughly, they would come to know themselves and the universal truths better. The concept of transcendentalism is clearly expressed in the essay "Nature", by Ralph Waldo Emerson. Emerson was a leader in the movement of transcendentalism and the first American author to influence European thought. His essay "Nature" tells of how one can gain insight and spiritual cleansing simply from experiencing nature. Emerson tells of how "in the woods is perpetual youth" and "in the woods we return to reason and faith." These lines exemplify the very ideals of transcendentalism. They show the deep roots a person has in nature and how one can receive knowledge of their Over-Soul by honestly enjoying the outdoors and freeing oneself of previous evils. In the following lines, Emerson remarks: "Standing on the bare ground- my head bathed by the blithe air and uplifted into infinite space- all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eyeball: I am nothing; I see all; the currents of the Universal Being circulate through me; I am part or parcel of God." These lines display the transcendentalist belief that purity and knowledge can be obtained from a union with and understanding of nature. Emerson also relates the concept of transcendentalism to human life in his essay, "Self-Reliance." In this aptly named essay, Emerson grapples with another part of transcendentalism, the issue of "self-reliance." He sees mankind as somewhat of a coward; that people never express their true selves. Emerson claims that humans are afraid to fail; they are pleased if successful, but are never happy with where and what they are. He expresses transcendentalist ideals by saying that a true person would be a non-conformist. Emerson puts this belief into words in the following lines: "There is a time in every mans education when he arrives at the conviction that envy is ignorance; that imitation is suicide; that he must take himself for better, for worse, as his portion.no kernel of nourishing corn can come to him but through his toil." These words are the epitome of the ideals of transcendentalism- that one must celebrate the individual in order to find himself one with the universe. Another significant glimpse into the core ideals of transcendentalism was made by the distinguished author Henry David Thoreau. Thoreau lived in the home of essayist and philosopher Ralph Waldo Emerson. His most honored and enjoyed work was the story, "Walden", which gives a forthright statement of his reasons for embracing a contemplative and decidedly transcendentalist life living on the shore of Walden Pond. In "Walden", Thoreau explains why he chose the woods: "I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived. I did not wish to live what was not life, living is so dear; nor did I wish to practice resignation, unless it was quite necessary." Thoreau himself was quoted as saying, "In wilderness is the preservation of the world." In "Walden", the author describes the cardinal importance of nature in ones search of their soul. Thoreau chose to live in seclusion because he believed solitude was the best companion in order to know ones own self. In the essay, he felt that mankind cared too deeply for material possessions; "simplify!" he implored. Thoreau claimed that humans were "ruined by luxury and heedless expense" and that success is gained when one "advances confidently in the direction of his dreams". Thoreau stressed the importance of the individual, saying "If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears

Obesity and Coronary Heart Disease Essays

Obesity and Coronary Heart Disease Essays Obesity and Coronary Heart Disease Essay Obesity and Coronary Heart Disease Essay 2002 ) . The survey shows that fleshiness is the possible forecast towards CHD ( 10 ) . Corpulent people tend to devour a high saturated fat of diet. As a consequence, the degree of cholesterin will be higher in blood. Excess of fat in the organic structure will overpower the ability of the enzyme lipase to breakdown lipid, therefore, taking to fat deposition on the blood vass and do the vass to be narrowed. The blood now needs a higher force per unit area than the normal force per unit area to go through through the narrowed arteria and this will do high blood pressure. Corpulent people tend to hold a high degree of glucose as good due to the damage of the insulin mark tissues that become less sensitive to insulin. Glucose will non be converted to animal starchs and they will go diabetic. A higher degree of glucose in the blood is called hyperglycemia and it triggers the changes at the cellular degree of vascular tissue. This will rush up the atherosclerotic procedure. Cholesterol will unite with lipoproteins to go around in the organic structure because it can non merely fade out in blood. Low-Density Lipoproteins: Bad ( LDL ) will transport cholesterin to the blood stream while High-Density Lipoproteins: good ( HDL ) will transport cholesterin back to the liver. Cholesterol is needed to supply protective coating to the arterias and its surrounding walls. However, excessively much cholesterin peculiarly in LDL signifier can take to atherosclerosis. Peoples that are corpulent will hold a higher degree of LDL and a lower degree of HDL. It means that there is a greater opportunity for cholesterin to be deposited and triggers the formation of plaques in the wall of coronary arteria. The plaque is an accretion of lipid, macrophages, and smooth musculus cells that will do the arterias narrowed and can decelerate or barricade the blood flow. Mechanical shear emphasiss like morbid high blood pressure ; and biochemical abnormalcies for case elevated and modified LDL and diabetes mellitus ; will take to redness of endothelial or disfunction. It causes oxidised lipoproteins to be more permeable and accumulate at the endothelial to organize lipid-laden froth cells. Cytokines will be released by monocytes, macrophage, or the damaged endothelium whilst collagen will be produced in a significant sum by the smooth musculus. They will be accumulated together in the endothelium ( 11 ) . Myocardial ischemia occurs when there is a deficiency of O supply and myocardial foods to the bosom. This status arises due to the obstructed coronary arteria. With sudden occlusion of a major arteria by an embolus ( plaque ) , the part of myocardium supplied by the occluded vas becomes infarcted and undergoes mortification. This part will represent a myocardial infarction. It is a slow advancement of Coronary Heart Disease ( 12 ) . Prevention and Treatment We need to hold a healthy life style particularly in our diet and organic structure fittingness. Smoking and small physical activity will increase the hazard of developing CHD. A balance diet should be practiced and nutrients with high-fat cholesterin should be reduced particularly fast nutrients ( 14 ) . CHD can non be cured but it can be managed efficaciously to better the operation of the bosom. Medicine can be one of the alternate ways to pull off bosom disease. For case decoagulants ( Coumadin ) , beta blockers with angiotensin-converting enzyme ( ACE ) inhibitors, cardiac glycosides ( Lanoxin ) , nitrates, lipid-lowering medicines, low-dose acetylsalicylic acid, and clot-busting ( 15 ) . If the blood vass are really narrow, surgical processs can be performed to unblock the arterias. Amongst the present surgical processs are coronary angioplasty, coronary arteria beltway, bosom graft, and optical maser surgery ( 15 ) . Decision As a decision, it is clearly shown that fleshiness is a major hazard factor for Coronary Heart Disease. Apart from that, fleshiness is a strong independent hazard factor for other diseases as good. There is an association between the addition in BMI ( fleshiness ) and CHD. Even though fleshiness is merely portion of the hazard factor of CHD but it still plays a major function in developing CHD. Furthermore, research and development are still ongoing to develop a new intervention to handle bosom disease in the hereafter. Mentions: WLR Dietitian, Juliette Kellow BSC RD, Childhood Obesity, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.weightlossresources.co.uk/children/childhood_obesity.htm, 04 November 2009. World Health Organisation ( WHO ) , BMI Classification, hypertext transfer protocol: //apps.who.int/bmi/index.jsp? introPage=intro_3.html, 04 November 2009. Anne Collins, Waist Circumference, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.annecollins.com/lose_weight/waist-circumference.htm, 31 October 2009. Anne Collins, Health Risks of Obesity, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.annecollins.com/obesity/risks-of-obesity.htm, 01 November 2009. BMJ Publishing Group, 2009, High Lipids, Low Libido [ Review: J Sex Med 2009 ; 6:1696-1703 ] . Student BMJ, ( 17 ) , 380, 04 November 2009. Caroline Wilbert: WebMD Health News, 31 October 2008, Obesity Linked to Erectile Dysfunction ( ED ) : Survey Shows Obesity-Related Conditionss Like Hypertension Are a Cause of ED [ Reviewed by Louise Chang, MD ] , hypertext transfer protocol: //www.webmd.com/erectile-dysfunction/news/20081031/obesity-linked-to-erectile-dysfunction, 28 November 2009. Department of Health, Coronary Heart Disease, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dh.gov.uk/en/Healthcare/Coronaryheartdisease/index.htm, 02 November 2009 Mark C.Houston, 2009, CHD: Hazard Factors [ Review ] [ 281 refs ] . Handbook of Hypertension, ( 1 ) , 227, 03 November2009. Gareth Williams ; Gema Fruhbeck, 2009, Obesity and Coronary Artery Disease [ Review ] [ 216 refs ] . Fleshiness: Science to Practice, ( 1 ) , 300, 03 November2009. Parveen Kumar ; Michael Clark, 2005, The procedure of coronary coronary artery disease. Kumar A ; Clark Clinical Medicine, ( 6 ) , 798, 03 November 2009. Keith L. Moore ; Arthur F. Dalley ; Anne M. R. Agur, 2006, Coronary Artery Disease or Coronary Heart DIsease. Clinically Oriented Anatomy, ( 6 ) , 155-156, 04 November 2009. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute Diseases and Conditions Index, What is Atherosclerosis? hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Atherosclerosis/Atherosclerosis_WhatIs.html,03 November 2009. National Healthcare Service ( NHS ) , Avoiding Coronary Heart Disease, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nhs.uk/pathways/coronaryheartdisease/Pages/Avoiding.aspx? WT.srch=1 A ; gclid=CKSuirHvrp4CFQ6Z2AodBWLYlQ, 28 November 2009. National Healthcare Service ( NHS ) , Treating Heart Disease, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Coronary-heart-disease/Pages/Treatment.aspx, 28 November 2009

Do universal moral principles exist If so, what are these universal Research Paper

Do universal moral principles exist If so, what are these universal morals - Research Paper Example The issue seems endless, the answer unreachable on any proven level, yet is sparks fire in the hearts of even the judges in courtrooms who must apply the law to ‘hard cases’ and stretch its definition whilst keeping in line with written provisions. Indeed, there are strong arguments both for and against the existence of universal moral standards. The issue is not one of proof; it is rather one of providing the most plausible argument. So what is a universal moral principle? It is an objective knowledge of right and wrong; a confidence in the natural goodness of human nature. Our reflective intellect possesses a direct knowledge of the qualities from which conclusions might be drawn about what these moral rules are. The biggest problem faced by this contention is answering the question: where do they come from? Are they inherent within us, or do they come from a higher being? Do we learn them over time as we grow, or were we born with the ability to access these moral principles? Aquinas makes reference to the existence of natural laws created by God, which we access by intellectual reasoning given to us by Him (Aquinas 1920, Q.2-94:2). Hare states that human logic applies to our moral assertions, allowing us to arrive at an objective standard of moral principles. Rousseau argued that we were born with a certain set of natural rights, which are then transpired into the moral respect we give each other Rousseau (17 62). If these different contentions are right, they all point to one thing; an existing set of moral principles, followed universally. So, everyone considers murder, or the taking of another’s life to be immoral. This is very plausible if one considers the law and punishment severity in law for murder; we all arguably believe in the preservation of life. However, in some societies this means killing the

IT163 BD Unit 2 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

IT163 BD Unit 2 - Research Paper Example The objectives and needs of the enterprise must be considered when making decision on what to use in a distributed relational database. How the application program is going to be coded, where it resides in regard to the data and the network design that merges or connects the application program are all very important design considerations. Database design in a distributed relational database is more complex than when dealing with the I series relational database. It is important to understand the purpose of the business or the organization for which the database is to belong and the relational database technology. Operations that necessitate particular attentions when forming your strategy include general operations, networking protocols, system security, accounting, problem analysis and backup and recovery processes involved. Of great importance is to avoid replica of rows of the same data available in a database. This is referred to as data redundancy. Data redundancy gives problems to IT departments responsible for database management. Redundancy can be avoided by the use of keys in tables. For example, in the database of an organization for accessing and storing employees’ data, then for each employee we have a defined primary key condition for employee number. If an attempt is made to enter a second row of the same data for the employee the system should

Description of pictures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Description of pictures - Essay Example There is a beautiful bunch of budding flowers in the left corner of the picture and they are also placed on the woman’s side. These flowers symbolise love. On the right side of the picture is a vase containing maize cobs. Apparently, these cobs have been placed on the side where the husband is and these may symbolise farming. One striking thing in the picture is that it can be noted that the sun is rising in the distant horizon and it seems to be rising in the hearts of the man and the women. The rising sun in the hearts of the man and husband is a ray of hope that all be well for them since it looks like they are silently praying for their kid. The picture is colourfully designed and it is placed on a wall since there is also a white paper stuck on the wall on its right side. Picture 2 Picture two above shows two people, a man and a woman riding fat horses. The man is riding on horse that is whitish in colour while the woman is riding on a horse with equally the same colour b ut is dotted. These two people seem to be riding in the opposite direction since the picture only depicts their backs. They are both wearing brown hats and the woman’s hat seems to be decorated two items which look like flowers. The two people in the picture are both wearing jerseys. ... The landscape is brown in colour which implies that it is an arid place that does not have any vegetation. The background colour in the picture as well as the colour of the sky is orange which may be caused by the rising sun. It seems that these people are riding opposite the direction of the rising sun. Picture 3 Picture three above shows a large body of water that looks like an ocean. The water stretches beyond the reach of the sky and this site is very common when one is standing at the edge of the sea. The eye cannot see beyond the horizon of the ocean. The colour of the water is green and it seems that there are plants of different colours floating on top of the water. Some of the plants are green while some of them are blue. A closer look at the picture shows that it is moving in ripples of turbulent waves. This situation usually happens when the weather conditions are windy such that there are waves in the sea. The other interesting thing about the picture is that it is not co mprised of any solid physical feature like mountains which shows that it was meant to depict a site of an ocean. In most cases, water in the ocean is not stable especially in windy conditions. The plants in the ocean usually float on top of the water and in most cases, they beautify the sea. The picture is colourfully designed such that it requires special attention in order to figure out what it represents. Picture 4 In picture three above, it seems that there people. Two of them are wearing similar clothes which are brown in colour and they seem to be wearing black belts. One interesting thing about this picture is that the two men seem to be sprawling on the ground and they are agonising in pain.

Othello the Manipulator Essay Example for Free

Othello the Manipulator Essay Shakespeare’s Othello: Iago, the Master Manipulator William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Othello† is a play consumed with deception, jealousy, and revenge, mainly caused by a powerful â€Å"villain† named Iago (1. 1. 28). Although Iago presents himself as everyone’s honest friend, he is always trying to manipulate and deceive them, as shown in his words â€Å"Whip me such honest knaves† (1. 1. 50). This heartless character even manipulates everyone around him including his companions Cassio, Rodrigo, and the Moor, Othello intending to gain power. His actions create a massive amount of jealousy and rage. All of this revenge and manipulation first forms when Cassio is chosen for the position as Othello’s Lieutenant, a job which Iago wanted desperately. This sends Iago into a rage motivated by his hunger for power. His revenge towards Cassio first begins at a celebration when Iago pressures him into having one drink after another knowing Cassio has a low tolerance with alcohol. Under pressure, Cassio argues, â€Å"Not tonight, good Iago: I have very poor and unhappy brains for drinking: I could well wish courtesy would invent some other custom of entertainment† (2. . 1164-1167). Iago’s perfects his manipulation by taking advantage of other’s weaknesses. Iago manipulates both Cassio and Rodrigo into fighting each other which results in Othello taking away Cassio’s title as Lieutenant. Using Cassio’s statement, †She’s a most exquisite lady† Iago is able to use this to conjure a second mastermind plan to have Cassio’s rep utation ruined by convincing Othello that Cassio and Desdemona are having an affair (2. 2. 1152). Although Iago seeks revenge from Cassio for gaining Iago’s desired position as Lieutenant, his main interest of destruction is the Moor Othello, which is the masterpiece of Iago’s many manipulative plots. Iago uses Othello’s beloved wife, Desdemona, to take advantage of Othello’s weakness. Iago implies, â€Å"Cassio my lord? No, sure, I cannot think it; That he would steal away so guilty-like, Seeing your coming† (3. 3. 1668-70). Iago’s coy assumption of Cassio overcomes Othello, making Othello think Iago is an honest friend he can trust. This gained trust makes Iago’s plans of destruction much easier to accomplish. Iago, also, makes Othello overhear a conversation between Iago and Cassio, which he believes he is about Desdemona, when in fact their conversation is about Cassio’s prostitute Bianca. As the two men laugh and tell sexual stories, Othello goes into a jealous rage, at the thought of Cassio having these relations with Desdemona. Iago multiplies Othello’s rage as he talks about the situation, â€Å"Did you perceive how he laughed at his vice? † (4. . 2602). He convinces Emilia to take Desdemona’s handkerchief, which was Othello’s first significant gift to her. Iago sets the situation up so that the sacred handkerchief will be found in Cassio’s room, and later is given to Cassio by Bianca in front of Othello. As Iago pumps more deceitful lies of Cassio and Desdemona’s affair into Othello’s head, Iago says, â€Å"And did you see the handkerchief? à ¢â‚¬ ¦and to see how he prizes the foolish woman your wife! She gave it him, and he hath given it his whore† (4. 1. 2604-08). Othello, having seen this will have all the evidence he needs to suspect Cassio of the affair. Iago then manipulates Othello into killing his loyal wife by suggesting, â€Å"Do it not with poison, strangle her in her bed, even the bed she hath contaminated† (4. 2. 2638-39). Iago’s over whelming hunger for power is also shown though his best companion, Rodrigo, whom is also in love with Desdemona. Discovering that Desdemona and Othello are married, frantic Rodrigo confides in Iago and asks, â€Å"What should I do? I confess it is my shame to be so fond; but it is not in my virtue to amend it† (1. . 673-676). As a master of deception, Iago proves to Rodrigo that Desdemona’s heart will be easily won by his lavish expensive gifts. With Rodrigo’s excessive amount of savings, Iago purchases these gifts that are intentionally for Desdemona and sells them for his profit. Secondly, Iago convinces Rodrigo into thinking that Cassio and Emilia are having an aff air. Iago manipulates Rodrigo into fighting Cassio at the celebration. Iago persuades Rodrigo by saying, Watch you to-night; for the command, I’ll lay’t upon you. Cassio knows you not. I’ll not be far from you: do you find some occasion to anger Cassio, either by speaking too loud, or tainting his discipline; or from what other course you please, which the time shall more favorable minister (2. 1. 1064-70) In conclusion, Iago’s deception and manipulation plan to gain power completely fails as everything falls to pieces. When Iago’s wife, Emilia, reveals Desdemona’s loyalty to Othello and all of Iago’s lies, it is far too late. After Othello murders his wife, he finds out all of Iago’s â€Å"honest words† were all lies and catches Iago in the act. In the final scene, Iago says, â€Å"Demand me nothing: what you know, you know: from this time forth I never will speak word† (5. 2. 3665-66). In the end, Iago manipulated everyone around him so he could gain personal power. However, his selfish goal of power is never reached and nothing is gained from Iago’s manipulative actions. Iago’s excessive lies and actions show that he is the main cause for so many problems containing deception, jealousy, rage, and revenge. Work Cited Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice. The Norton Shakespeare: Tragedies. 2nd ed. Ed. Stephen Greenblatt. New York: W. W. Norton, 2008, 425-507.

Lao Yzu :: essays research papers

Lao Tzsu â€Å"Tao Te Ching† Discussion Questions 1. What is the most valuable way to live? Discuss the two examples of this idea.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The most valuable way to live is to live passively. An example of this idea includes being able to ride roughshod over the hardest in the world means one can lasts longer in this competitive world by being passive. And only a few in the world means that not too many realize the way of life is to live passively. 2. Discuss the first three questions in this poem. What is â€Å"that’ in line 7?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first three questions in this poem asks the reader to reflect. That in line 7 can mean the word because. That can also represent the many complexities in life due to value. 3. What is contentment according to this poet? Of what value is this state of mind?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to this poet contentment comes but not holding grudge because it states that excessive meanness is sure to lead to great expense. It tells one to let go because being angry and having things bottled up can only hurt oneself. 4. â€Å"Highest good† or â€Å"the way† indicates a state of perfection in life. What does this poem recommend as a way to approach life?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The poem recommends one to approach life like water because water is an indispensable element that has no conflict in any positions. It is able to adapt and go in area and position that is ideal. 5. What is the author’s point about materialism and excesses? What is his recommendation to the reader about the way to live?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the author’s point about materialism and excesses is not to be greedy. There is no point to be greedy because one can loses as much as it makes and no one can use possess of its wealth after death. The key is to have just enough because wealth can create problem. His recommendation to life is do what you have to do. 6. What paradox is presented in this poem?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The paradox presented in tis poem is that a seemingly weak object water can be as strong as anything. The weak can overcomes the strong and the submissive can overcomes the hard. 7. Which personal qualities are valuable in rulers, according to the poet?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to the poet valuable qualities in rulers should be the ability to admit and held responsible for the wrongs done in its empire.

Behaviorism and Gender

Making everyday decisions is an inevitable course of our daily existence. The choices we do concerning our diet, outfits, daily hygiene, companions and others seem as a normal daily routine. Thus, most of the time we seldom contemplate on the process by which we have accomplished our daily decision-making tasks. Meanwhile, different psychological theories supported the notion that every human behavior is shaped and propelled by motives and rewards such as food, money, status, and prestige (Howard and Hollander 43).Humans behave in ways for the attainment of their goals and avoidance of negative events and consequences that bring pain and suffering (Howard and Hollander 43). In this connection, humans shape their personalities in parallel with societal expectations so as to gain social acceptance (Howard and Hollander 43). In this way, the attainment of goal and avoidance of negative experiences are much assured. Hence, the development or acquisition of gender, a societal sexual persp ective, is greatly influenced by psycho-sociological factors (Howard and Hollander 43).In the early historical period of psychological disciplines, behaviorism became the backbone of psychological studies on human behavior (Howard and Hollander 43). Although contemporary theories have gone beyond the postulates of behaviorists like Skinner and Pavlov, their psychological principles served as the bases for intensive and advanced studies in the field of psychology (Howard and Hollander 43). Through studies on animal behaviors, behavioral psychologists made assumptions on perception, motivation, and learning of every individual (Howard and Hollander 43).They scrutinized every factor that affects behavioral attributes of the subject animal then applied it on their observational studies on humans (Howard and Hollander 43). Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov’s notion about â€Å"conditioned reflex† is a result of his studies on animal digestion (Elliot et al. 203). In his ex periments, he observed that dog produces saliva in anticipation of food. The flow of saliva in dog’s mouth was observed in response not only on the sight of food dish but also upon hearing the attendant’s sound during feeding.The dog was conditioned that seeing the attendant or hearing a bell is a signal of giving food (Elliot et al. 203). Thus, the dog salivated either in the sight of the attendant or upon hearing the bell. Pavlov called each signal as â€Å"conditioned stimulus†. He explained that the food is the â€Å"unconditioned stimulus† that elicited salivation as a response (Elliot et al. 203). At first, salivation was induced upon the sight of food. Then, the food was given simultaneously with metronome. After sometime, the metronome alone caused dog’s salivation (Elliot et al. 203). Classical Conditioning and GenderIn child rearing practices, at very young age children are conditioned on the choice of garments and toys appropriate to the ir sexes. This conditioning as absorb by the child can possibly be applied on different settings. For instance, the choice of toys based on sexes such as Barbie doll for a girl and plastic gun for a boy, would lead to the child’s discretion on the type of game or playmates he or she will involved into. This is called â€Å"stimulus generalization† wherein the conditioned behavior, the choice of toys, affected the preference for games or playmates.On the other hand, if the initial conditioning did not affect other preferences, the child then learned the process of discrimination. Through discrimination, the child has limited his or her behavior only on the â€Å"conditioned stimulus† which is the toy selection in this case. Also, the extinction of loss of conditioned stimulus’ effect on one’s behavior is possible. In Pavlov’s experiments, after several trials of presenting food to the dog without the metronome, the metronome alone did not eli cit salivation when presented (Elliot et al. 203).Hence, a child as days pass-by may lose the conditioned stimulus toy selection on his or her mind. Operant Conditioning B. F. Skinner made refinements on the principles of classical conditioning and applied his psychological ideas on different human endeavors (Elliot et al. 208). He proposed the importance of reinforcement in eliciting a desired behavior and that environment has great influence in one’s behavior. In his operant conditioning, he emphasized that environment reinforces or terminates one’s behavior, thus, has the key role in understanding behavior (Elliot et al. 208).According to Skinner, behavior is a product of a three-connective processes; operation performed by the organism, inner condition, and behavioral response (Elliot et al. 208). Skinner elicited desired behaviors among his subject animals such as rats and pigeons through his operant chamber (Mayers). Later on, researchers tested the different rei nforcers and scheduling of such to facilitate the shaping of desired behavior. They found that the acquisition of desired behavior although less through partial reinforcement schedules as compared with continuous reinforcement, but produced more extinction resistance (Mayers).Moreover, punishment applied to achieve the desired behavior or to terminate a particular behavior, even though has negative consequences, but effective when immediately and consistently given (Mayers). Operant Conditioning and Gender Behavioral theorists suggested that every creature regardless of race, societal status, sex and profession is governed by the same behavioral principles (Howard and Hollander 44). In terms of behaviorism, the development of gender could be possibly explained by making a notion that gender differences and similarities are behavioral consequences (Howard and Hollander 44).Experiments can be designed to elicit gender behavioral patterns of both males and females through different rei nforcement pattern. In behavioral perspectives, men and women could be either aggressive or nurturing if they are awarded or punished in such behavior (Howard and Hollander 44). Then, through field studies, behaviorists can assess environmental factors influencing men or women and yield plausible explanation for the behavioral effects of these factors (Howard and Hollander 44). Through conditioning process, the gender can be imparted into the child’s mind either unconsciously or purposively.The type of garments or toys given to the child may embark into his or her mind some restrictions on the things he or she can be used. In addition, some parents either directly or indirectly, inculcate a male child to imitate his father’s behavior, action, and style while a female child to be like her mother. By conforming to these parental expectations, the child gains positive reinforcements from his or her parents that strengthen his or her behavior. With these, the child may for m his or her early conceptions of gender role and stereotypes. Criticisms on Conditioning TheoryEven though many studies have been conducted to support the conditioning theory of gender development, these are mostly conducted with animals (Naik). In 1984, K. Boulding contended the Skinner’s generalization about the applicability of the principles drawn from animal studies into complex behavior of humans (Naik). He suggested that more studies with human participants must be conducted in order to prove the validity of Skinner’s postulates. While Skinner’s operant conditioning has been recognized in neurosis and phobia therapy, but still insufficient to explain complex human attributes such as language and memory (Naik).In line with this, M. E. P. Seligman proposed that aside from classical and operational conditioning, genetic preparedness has a crucial role in the development of behavioral characteristics (Naik). This third factor associates a particular reinforc er or stimulus to a certain response. He further argued that most behaviorist have utilized unprepared sets of stimulus like shock and light, provided less input for the association process, then created generalization of unprepared behavioral output applicable to general cases (Naik).Therefore, even if the behaviorist’s principles are valid with respect to their sets of unprepared stimulus in laboratory experiments, but still insufficient to provide plausible explanations for prepared behaviors (Naik). Nonetheless, Seligman cited the work of Rozin and Garcia (1971) wherein rats were given with sweetened water as flash of lights and noise were applied simultaneously (Naik). Then, the subjects were treated with X-rays to induce illness and nausea. After several hours, rats became ill and develop aversion with sweetened water but not with noise or light (Naik).According to Seligman genetic predispositions led to the aversion of rats with anything that may cause illness on their part (Naik). Conditioned Emotional Reactions The Little Albert Study In 1920 John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner tested the following in their experimental study: developing and conditioning an infant to fear an animal through loud and fearing sound; the possibility to develop fear to other animals or objects through the conditioned fear; and the time duration of the conditioned fear (Brain 135). Waston and Reyner selected a healthy and unemotional, around nine-month old child named Albert B.as subject of their study (Brain 135). At the start, Albert has no fear in dealing with animals and other objects. When a metal bar is struck by a claw hammer behind him, Albert develops fear. After two-month observation with Albert, Watson and Reyner conditioned him to develop fear with a white rat by a loud clanging sound, produce by the metal bar and claw hammer, as he touches the rat (Brain 135). After seven trials of rat and noise pairing, fear was developed with Albert as the rat was presen ted alone (Brain 135).Then, after five days, the rat, a rabbit, a sealskin coat, the heads of Watson and his assistants, a shorthaired dog, a Santa Claus mask, a package of white cotton, and wooden blocks were presented to Albert. He showed strong fear with the rat, sealskin coat, dog and rabbit, and a mild fear response with cotton (Brain 136). On the other hand, Albert did not develop fear with the mask, Watson’s hair, and wooden blocks (Brain 135). Five more days later, the rat, dog, and rabbit each paired with a loud noise were again presented to Albert but he has only showed slight reaction for each stimulus (Brain 136).Finally, after thirty-one days, the rat, dog, rabbit, sealskin coat, and Santa Claus mask were again presented to Albert. Watson and Reyner found out that although Albert still showed fear on these things, he manifested tendency to touch each object (Brain 136). Evaluation and Criticisms The â€Å"Little Albert Study† provided an empirical basis fo r Watson’s theory on the development of emotion and behavior (Brain 137). Watson proved through this experiment that emotional responses can be conditioned and learned.He concluded that phobias are conditioned responses that probably an original fear with a particular stimulus which has been transferred to another object in the duration of time (Brain 137). Similarly with Sigmund Freud, Watson believed that adult personality is significantly influenced by childhood early experiences (Brain 137). However, his work was criticized on the ground that emotional responses are qualitative attributes that can be hardly measured (Brain 137). In addition, since they only have a single subject in their experiment, principles that are valid for general cases may not plausibly be drawn from the results of their study.Since, there was no follow-up studies after Albert has leaved the hospital, the effects on conditioning made were not determined, thus, Watson’s notion on early childh ood experiences and behavioral development lacked definite proof (Brain 137). Moreover, ethical issues have been imputed with Watson’s works for he manipulated Albert by purposively creating fearing situations (Brain 137). He failed therefore to consider the spontaneous development of behavior through natural settings. Analysis and ConclusionBehaviorists were criticized for their notion that every organism follows similar norms as dictated by their conditioning principles (Mayers). At present, it is an accepted psychological truth that conditioning principles are governed by cognition and hindered by biological factors (Mayer). In Pavlov’s classical conditioning, the subject animal learned to anticipate for an â€Å"unconditioned stimulus† however, animals have biological attributes in learning associations like recognition of poisonous food through smell association (Mayers).Thus, behavior is not only elicited through external stimulus such as bell (Mayers). Be haviorists found that animal behavior can be shaped through reinforcement or the association of a response behavior with eliciting positive or negative stimulus (Howard and Hollander 44). They suggested that this principle as applied on humans could possibly provide clear behavioral explanations (Howard and Hollander 44). As applied on humans, behavioral theorists proposed that consequences of actions could provide understanding of the behavior of an individual (Howard and Hollander 44).This could be done by relating an action with the consequences of a similar action done in the past. Further, behaviorists believed that if in the past experiences, actions of an individual created rewards and punishments (Howard and Hollander 44). Actions that were rewarded are tended to be repeated in the present time while actions associated with punishments are avoided (Howard and Hollander 44). However, behavioral theorists have only considered behavior and neglected thoughts and emotions.Accord ing to them, thoughts, emotions or feelings are not behavioral determinants but are just by-products of the environmental effects on one’s behavior (Howard and Hollander 44). Cognitive and constructive psychologists criticized Skinner for he has given value on the external control of behavior and underestimated the cognitive and biological precepts (Mayers). For instance, contemporary studies on learning and motivation revealed the crucial role of cognition and physiological brain processes.Nevertheless, operant principles were deemed to control people, thus, led to ethical issues (Mayers). Nowadays, Skinner’s psychological notions are applied for success reinforcement in different fields (Mayers). Through operant conditioning, a desired behavior is produced by giving positive reinforcements while a behavior is terminated by applying punishing stimulus. Based on the above discussions, the process of socialization has a crucial role on gender acquisition and development . Through socialization process, an individual learns the societal norms and mores.The agents of socialization such as family, educational institution, peers, and media reflect and even dictate conditioned gender stereotypes that an individual must conform with; otherwise leads to societal ridicule. In line with this, gender stereotypes shaped masculinity as an individual’s ability to control themselves on emotional situations whenever necessary especially within the workplace and even in their sexual relationships (Lothstein 212-214). Thus, has influenced male behaviors as being competitive, assertive, independent, assertive, confident, tough, often angered and violent.With these characteristics on hand, males must keep in mind to evade having feminine characteristics such as being expressive on their thoughts, emotional, vulnerable and intimate in avoidance of societal ridicule (Lothstein 212-214). In the society, being feminine is traditionally described as â€Å"nurturin g, supportive, and assigning high priority to one's relationships† (Lothstein 212-214). Also, females are expected to avoid manly behaviors like being competitive, assertive and often angry and violent (Lothstein 212-214).Therefore, behaviorism views may not suffice to provide a plausible explanation for the development and acquisition of gender. Unlike the subjects of the behavioral psychologists in their laboratory experiments, humans are exposed to the different socio-cultural factors that spontaneously affect behavioral attributes. Hence, behavioral theories should be incorporated with other contemporary theories on gender such as psychoanalytic, psychosocial, social-cognitive, biological, and schema theory for a better perspective on gender acquisition and development. Works CitedBrain, Christine. â€Å"Advanced Subsidiary Psychology: Approaches and Methods. † UK: Nelson Thornes, 2000. Elliot, Stephen N. , Kratochwill, Thomas R. , Cook, Joan Littlefield, and Traver s, John F. â€Å"Educational Psychology: Effective Teaching, Effective Learning, 3rd Ed. † Boston, MA: McGraw Hill, 2000. Howard, Judith A. and Hollander, Jocelyn. â€Å"Gendered Situations, Gendered Selves: A Gender Lens on Social Psychology. † Lanham, Maryland: Rowman Altamira, 1997. Lothstein, Leslie Martin. â€Å"Female-to-Male Transsexualism. † Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul plc, 1983Mayers, David G. â€Å"Psychology, 8th Ed. † 2006. Worth Publishers. 9 January 2009 . Naik, Payal. â€Å"Behaviorism as a Theory of Personality: A Critical Look. † August 1998. Personality Papers. 9 January 2009 < http://www. personalityresearch. org/papers/naik. html>.

Man’s Best Friend

The dog, or man’s best friend as we call them, is an animal that turns out we can comprehend much better than we think. Their behavior actually isn’t too different from our own, since for both humans and dogs, emotion causes our certain behaviors. Although technically speaking, there is no exact way to tell if a dog tends to feel emotion or not, but with a bit of common sense and observation, the majority of people agree that animals do have feelings and scientists are even accepting the idea. Jennifer Arnold, a service dog trainer, has experienced watching a dog become depressed, angry, and even embarrassed.As she states, â€Å"time has taught me that dogs, like humans, are emotional creatures. Just watch a dog whose beloved owner returns home from a trip – the dog jumps for joy. † (Arnold, Jennifer. Through a Dog's Eyes. 2010. ) Any dog who loves their owner would do that, which is enough proof to show that the dog is feeling an emotion: happiness. Studi es even show that it seems to be that a dog will behave a certain way depending on their owner’s emotion, as if they can somehow sense or understand what we feel. Charles Darwin, an English naturalist, also agreed with those who believed animals have emotions.In his book, â€Å"The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals,† he records every expressive movement he observed in animals. For almost every observation, it included the entire appearance of the face and the appearance of the dog’s tail, which seemed to reflect what emotion the dog was feeling. For example, Darwin noticed that when dogs want attention they tend to rub against or lick their owners, they slightly wag their tail, and also lower their ears to exclude any noise and concentrate on only their owner’s affection.As I mentioned in the last paragraph, emotion was one thing that changed animal behavior. Not only does the aging process affect the physical appearances of an individual, but it also affects people and dogs mentally. Like humans, dogs age too and the older they become they begin acting and feeling like their age. As a child, everyone is always so full of energy and as we get older we seem to get lazier and loss interest in everything around us; well the same goes for dogs. Some of us become handicapped, lose hair, and our senses just become weaker.The aging process does not affect all dogs though, for there have been dogs at ten years of age who have not had any physical or mental incapacitation, while others suffer internal organ failure, failing senses, or orthopedic problems. It mainly depends on dog breeds, health, and simply just luck. It turns out that dogs are the most common victims of animal cruelty, with the percentage of 64. 5%. (â€Å"Animal Cruelty† Most Common Victims. 2. Humanesociety. org accessed October 15, 2012). Animal cruelty, both physical abuse and neglect, is a huge factor that changes dog’s behavior.It also reflect s back on the topic of emotion, since neglecting dogs can cause extreme sadness or depression (which affects their behavior). Three to four million dogs and cats are euthanized, or killed, every year and five to seven million are usually put in animal shelters. (Sutherlin, Emily. â€Å"Animal Cruelty: Facts, Prevention, Statistics, and Action. † 1. Nowpublic. com accessed October 15, 2012). These numbers are due to the overpopulation of pets in America. Only 10% of dogs in shelters are spayed/neutered, which causes female dogs to produce puppies and lead to more dogs in shelters.Most of these dogs in shelters aren’t adopted because caring for a dog is just too much responsibility. The average cost of basic necessities for dogs (food, medical supply, training, etc. ) is around six hundred to nine hundred dollars a year and because of these high prices, people are practically forced to return their dog to a shelter. (ASPCA, â€Å"Pet Statistics. † Last modified 20 10. Accessed October 29, 2012. aspca. org). Having those dogs in shelters is abuse, because they have them locked up in cages, and with so many dogs to watch not all of them get the amount of attention that is necessary.There are many other types of abuse that people might not even consider as neglect. Emaciation, obesity, dehydration, cuts, bruises, burns, lack of grooming, parasite infestations, abnormal urination, and defecation are all signs of neglect (Sutton, Emma Riley Sutton, eHow contributor, â€Å"Signs of Neglect in Dogs. † Accessed October 14, 2012. www. eHow. com). If you see dogs with these symptoms, they have most likely been abused by their owners. When dogs are abused it can affect them both physically and mentally.Those symptoms include: submissive urinating, hand-shyness, cowering, mistrust, social withdrawal, depression, aggression, and even separation anxiety with a new owner (Bettmann, Theresa Bettmann, eHow contributor, â€Å"Mental Effects of Abuse on a Dog. † Accessed October 14, 2012. www. eHow. com). Communication, another way of changing behavior, is the way people express each other’s thoughts, feelings, and information to one another and comprehending it easily. As Debra Horwitz say, â€Å"Communication is a behavior. † (Kesling, Joyce. CDBC, â€Å"Canine Communication. † Last modified 2005.Accessed October 29, 2012. Responsibledog. net). We humans all speak, although not all of us understand each other because different cultures speak different languages (Spanish, English, French, etc. ). Animals have their own system of communication, or it can be thought of as them having their own language. Communication allows us to understand what others are saying. Without knowing, there is a sense of panic and vulnerability because you have no idea what is going on around you and going back to the previous paragraphs, feeling a certain way causes a certain behavior.Through research I found that there are three components to communication: 1) the person sending the message, 2) the person receiving the message, and 3) the communication signal (Kesling, Joyce. CDBC, â€Å"Canine Communication. † Last modified 2005. Accessed October 29, 2012. Responsibledog. net). So, when an owner and dog cannot communicate it is difficult to know why your dog is acting a certain way. For example, if a dog starts whimpering or yelping, it could be trying to tell us it is in pain or distress.If a dog starts growling, it can be taken as threat, unless it is a playful growl. Dogs also use their body postures as a form of communication, also known as communicating visually. (Kesling, Joyce. CDBC, â€Å"Canine Communication. † Last modified 2005. Accessed October 29, 2012. Responsibledog. net). For example, when a dog has their ears flattened back and has their tail lowered in between their legs, that shows they are frightened. Along with humans, our body language is also a way that allows us to communicate with other people.If a student is sitting straight, has their eyes on the board, and is taking notes it sends a message to the teacher that the student is paying attention. There are also other types of communication between humans, which would be formal (where most people use a type of business or corporation speaking format) and informal (which is where people have more unrestrained conversations); and although it isn’t completely discovered yet, there might be the possibility of different types of communication between dogs, since there are several different barks, howls, and growls made among the conversation of a group of dogs.Although there are several differences between us and dogs, there also seems to be a great amount of similarities that can help us figure out more about domesticated animals. As you can see, emotions, aging, and communication are all prime examples. Scientists have a hard time telling why animals behave a certain way because we canno t just simply go up to a dog and ask them due to lack of communication.But, little by little we get closer to this information through assumption, common sense, and observation because even though we are not a hundred percent sure, the explanation is pretty clear. The dog is not as much of a complex animal as we thought. In fact, it seems to me that the dog is the one animal that we understand the most, but the one animal we have so much more to learn about. After all, a man’s best friend should be someone we truly know about.

An Online Degree is Beneficial in Non-Traditional Circumstances Essay Example

An Online Degree is Beneficial in Non An Online Degree is Beneficial in Non-Traditional Circumstances Essay An Online Degree is Beneficial in Non-Traditional Circumstances Essay There are not many things for which we do not use our computers in modern times. The Internet has become our constant and most trusted companion, allowing us to logon and get any and all information that we need in a matter of moments. And if information was not enough, we also have the ability to get any and all products online as well – where we shop for what they need from the comfort of our homes. The convenience of the Internet has also extended into the world of work where we are able to logon and be effective and successful employees without the daily commute. For students, the Internet has even opened up a whole new world in terms of opportunities for earning degrees. The online degree has become one of the most popular pursuits in modern times, as it allows those who may be in non-traditional situations to get their educational due without the time and logistical constraints imposed by traditional college classes. An online degree program is often the extension of a college degree program offered by reputable colleges and universities that recognize the need to expand their services online if they hope to compete. This, of course, benefits students as well especially those students who wish to earn a degree but are not in a position to travel to and from campus. An online degree program is perfect for students that: *Are already working a full-time job and do not have the time to make the commute to classes. An online degree program will allow them to complete the coursework and do the reading at times that are most convenient for them – even if it’s the middle of the night. *Have young children. With small children in the home it is often difficult to make the time – and have the childcare resources available – to spend on a college campus attending classes. An online degree program makes education possible. *Are far from their school of choice. Miles no longer matter now that online degree programs are available. By logging on to â€Å"attend† their classes, students discover that an education from the school of their choice is only as far as their computer.

Lean Manufacturing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Lean Manufacturing - Essay Example HR departments are the primary change agents in most of the organizations. The aim of this paper is to look at the Human Resources approach regarding lean manufacturing in today’s world. The idea is to relate human resources contribution in the process of lean production which cannot be overlooked by today’s organizations. This paper will determine how decisions are taken by the human resource department, how the human resource department develops policies, and practices for the organization and how effectively the change processes are handled in the organization. It will also clarify what strategic HRM issues should be considered to bring about any cultural and fundamental change within organizations. The policies and practices developed by human resource departments represent important forces that shape employee behavior and attitudes. Human resource department needs to take a number of actions if it wants to deal with the changes regarding culture and wants to make it more customer-responsive. The commitment at the organizational level is enhanced with a positive culture and this also allows improvements to be observed in employee behavior. This certainly acts as a strong benefit for the organization. From the perspective of an employee, the organizational culture is valued highly and it also reduces the level of ambiguity (Oliver, 2006). On the other hand, it should also be noted that cultural changes are not easily acceptable by employees. Resistance is observed from employees when the element of change is observed in organizations and this resistance may create obstacles in the accomplishment of goals and objectives of the organization. Our broad problem area in this case would be an area requiring improvement. ‘Lean Manufacturing’ into an organization is seen to bring a number of benefits, i.e. efficiency savings, improved productivity, waste reduction (Genaidy, 2003). But it is felt

Anne Boykin and Savina O. Schoenhofer's Nursing as Caring Theory Assignment

Anne Boykin and Savina O. Schoenhofer's Nursing as Caring Theory - Assignment Example The authors specifically state that nursing is not only a profession but also a discipline. Boykin and Schoenhofer (2010) claim that the Nursing as Caring Theory is a better framework to improve an individual’s understanding of caring as it particularly emphasizes the need of nursing knowledge to increase the care quality and patient safety (p.371). Since this knowledge comes from situations, the Anne Boykin and Savina O. Schoenhofer consider nursing situation as a key concept of the theory. In actual practice, this theory makes significant contributions to nursing practice, nursing administration, nursing education, and nursing research and development. The Nursing as Caring theory enhances nurses’ knowledge about caring their clients in creative and individualized ways in a situation-specific environment. In addition, as Purnell (2013) purports, this framework assists nursing administrators to develop and implement policies within the organization in order to improve operational efficiency and thereby to achieve higher degree of patient safety (p.371). Evid ently, a clear understanding of personhood contributes notably to nursing knowledge and education. This theoretical framework can be better used by researchers to explore the patterns of caring personality and improve the quality of the care delivered. Since Nursing as Caring is a grand theory, it can be applied to real life situations in collaboration with other nursing theories like Watsons theory of nursing or Orems theory of nursing. Today the growing number of clinical errors becomes a great threat to the medical field, and in most cases the issue is caused by the negligence of caring staff. Here the theory of Nursing as Caring can be applied to improve the situation because this theory greatly emphasizes the virtue of humanness in a caring environment. When humanness is valued greatly and considerable importance is given to care

Quadrant under Which MDCM Falls in Accenture IT Governance Model Case Study - 1

Quadrant under Which MDCM Falls in Accenture IT Governance Model - Case Study Example This was the result of inadequate and improper information technology implementation in the operations of the company (Jeffery, M & Norton, J. F, â€Å"IT Strategy Synchronization†). The paper will study the failure of the information technology practised in the company. The paper is also intended to provide with the strategic goals of the firm and the analysis of the competitive environment of MDCM Inc. The Accenture IT Governance Model enables to examine the way an organization’s information technology-based function creates value addition to the organization by the consideration the two factors i.e. ‘basis for competitive advantage’ and ‘rate of change in an organization’. In relation to the case, it can be observed that MDCM falls under information integrators. It has been identified that there was lower-rate-of-change in the organization. The organization primarily competed on the base of product/service differentiation. The management of the ‘information integrators’ generally expect to use information in order to improve their decision-making process. The information is expected to be used in order to create new products as well as services. The management of MDCM also sought for use of information in order to make their decision making the process faster, which would, in turn, enable them to enhance operational efficiency and redu ce the cost of operations (Jeffery, M. & Norton, J. F, â€Å"IT Strategy Synchronization†). One of the main strategic goals of MDCM was to reduce the production cost which was observed to be an extra expense of the company. The company was found to be lacking in making proper arrangement in its operational process which disabled the company to contact with the subsidiaries effectively. The main goal of the company stands to be determined in facilitating a smooth flow of information. The company needs to enhance its profitability by reducing its extra expenses. The company is observed to follow an obsolete email system. The new accommodated legacy system ‘Horizon 2000’ was noticed to increase the administration costs adding to the expenses of the company (Jeffery, M. & Norton, J. F, â€Å"IT Strategy Synchronization†).  Ã‚  

U.S. Imperialism In 20th Essay Example for Free

U.S. Imperialism In 20th Essay The United States’ first attempt at imperial expansion can be traced back to 1898. Feeling the effects of economic recession and depression up to 1897, many felt the future security of the U. S. capitalist system rested heavily on expansion, not only on the North American continent but even into the Caribbean, Hawaii and Asia. Given the United States’ agenda to expand its territorial boundaries their involvement in Cuba, beginning at the Spanish-Cuban-American war, comes as no surprise. The implications of the United States’ involvement in Cuba, however, have been quite considerable. The argument that the U. S. imperialism was the primary cause of the Cuban Revolution of 1959, therefore, bares some amount of weight. The United States’ presence in Cuba, the de facto power they wielded over that country’s economy and politics, was one of the major forces that drove the Cuban people to rebellion and fuelled the 1959 revolution led by Fidel Castro. Before any further discussions it must be pointed out that, long before the United States began its territorial, economic and political expansion outside its continental borders, the Cuban people were opposing colonialism in all its forms. While it would be useful to determine just how influential the U. S. was on Cuba’s political and economic landscape and to understand what historical events contributed to this state of affair, it must necessarily be understood that imperialism was nothing new to the Cuban society. Beginning in 1894 nationalist sentiments arose in Cuba not only among the elites and colonists, but even among the working class. All desired to see a liberated Cuba, free from the colonial control Spain had long wielded over the island. According to Spalding this struggle â€Å"represented a class war as well as an anti-colonial and anti-imperialist one. † The struggle between the European colonial power and its colony was heated but up to 1898 seemed no where near resolution. Popular sentiments among the United States populace were that U. S. intervention in the struggle between Spain and Cuba was necessary. Simons argues that the United States’ perspective was that â€Å"the Spanish presence in the Western hemisphere was an impediment to economic expansion of the US. † It is with this that the United States entered the struggle. The Cuban people of course may have assumed that U. S. intervention in the war had no strings attached. But the U. S. government saw such intervention as a way of advancing its â€Å"Manifest Destiny. † As Cordero highlights â€Å"†¦ the principle of Manifest Destiny and the pursuit of economic expansion made Cuba a target of opportunity. † Lazo believes that U. S. involvement in other nations’ affairs is inevitable because of â€Å"the great power which it wields by virtue of its prestige, wealth, and strength† . At the time of the Spanish-Cuban war, the U. S. was just rising to super-powerdom and thus successfully defending Cuba against its imperial aggressor was an unavoidable move by the U. S. government. The economic and political power that the United States wielded over the Cuban economy subsequent to the Spanish-Cuban-American war of 1898 is probably the most significant factor that contributed not only to the 1959 revolution, but to the other failed revolutionary attempts prior to 1959. After successfully winning the war for the Cubans, the United States, on paper, promised political freedom to the Cubans. This, however, was not practiced in principle and did not prevent the United States attempting economic expansion on the island. In fact, one of the United States’ first order of business in Cuba was to open up the Cuban economy to U. S. investors. Additionally, even though the U. S. turned over political rule to the locals, they maintained a strong influential hold over the leadership of the country. As a matter of fact, the U. S. ’ political influence was so strong that after their approved candidate lost elections the Platt Amendment was imposed as a condition for independence. Therefore, though the U. S. government was not successful in maintaining direct control of the local government, they were able to control the island’s foreign relations via this new plan. The Platt Amendment gave the U. S. the final say in foreign related issues. This meant that the country could not independently enter into foreign treaties or borrow on the international capital market. Above every other provision of the Platt Amendment was the unilateral right the U. S. took to intervene militarily in Cuba whenever it saw fit. Essentially all these provisions meant that, even though the United States did not exercise direct control of the island in the political arena, in terms of foreign affairs, militarily and economically the U. S. had a tremendous amount of control over the island. Ibarra, in the first chapter entitled â€Å"Finance Capital and Economic Structures of the Republic,† demonstrates how critical U. S. investments became to the Cuban economy. With the boom in the sugar industry in the 1920s a number of U. S. investors were attracted to the Cuban agricultural economy specifically as it relates to sugar production and export. During the period of greatest economic prosperity for the sugar industry a number of U. S. investors offered reasonable prices to Cuban plantation owners. Unwilling to resist these attractive rates, many planters quickly transferred their property to U. S. investors. Overtime U. S. investors controlled a significant portion of the country’s economy. Ibarra mentions the increasing importance of â€Å"U. S. investments in all sectors of the Cuban economy, agricultural exports, transportation, banking, utilities, and industry. † This economic control severely hindered the island’s economic development as, not only were local planters unable to compete with the U. S. investors, but the Cubans at the lower class found themselves to be benefiting very little from the growing sugar industry. When the price of sugar began to fall in the early 1930s because of international shifts in the demand and price of sugar, the country suffered even further. It is therefore not surprising that, with the growing economic downturn in the country, the population became increasingly disgruntled with the status quo. In their struggles for independence against Spain they had cried for a free Cuba ? Cuba Libre! What they got instead was a substitution. They were traded one imperialist power for a next. In the same way that Spain had exploited the country’s prospering sugar industry and reaped the profits without it filtering down to the masses that needed it the most, so the economic presence of the Americans in Cuba did nothing to improve the situation. The American policy of opening up the country’s economy to U. S. investors, and the later disgruntlement with the diminishing returns that were being filtered into the island from these investments contributed significantly to increasing calls for not only political but also economic and military independence.

Contemporary Concepts of Innovation and Organisation Changes

Contemporary Concepts of Innovation and Organisation Changes INNOVATION AND CHANGE MANAGMENT Q1. Describe contemporary concepts of innovation and organisational change. Ans. The concept of changing an idea or invention into a valuate service that create values or for which you can earn money/profit. The innovation idea must be satisfying all the needs and must be changeable at an economical cost. It includes deliberate application of imagination and information in creating greater and different values. If we talk about todays business environment innovation is very important to survive Change management entails thoughts planning and sensitive implementation and consultation with the involvement of the people affected by the changes. If the force change on people normally problem arise. Change must be realistic, measurable and achievable (Business dictionary). Q2. Describe the forms and types of innovation. Ans. There are more than 10 types of innovation, here i am explain some of them. SERVICE INNOVATION: it is very clear that god service is very important to run any business, if any business is not giving good service they cant survive in business environment. It also makes permanent customers if you give good service. SUSTAINABLE INNOVATION:- its all about describing your product that what are you selling, whats the product configuration and in every promotion what you introduced new or improved about your product. BUSINESS MODEL INNOVATION:- In business environment there is lots of competition, so if you want to survive in the market you have to bring changes, come with new products to attract more customers. INCREMENT INNOVATION:- This innovation is all about improving you service, products. Make their product cheaper but good quality. PROCESS INNOVATION:- the processing of product, what we can change in that process to make them cheaper and good (Mok). Q3. Assess the role of innovation and organisational change at a strategic level for New Zealand organisations. Using innovative plans at different type of levels. To achieve the professional objectives making strategies and giving them direction is very important. VOLPARA Solutions is a wholly owned sales and marketing arm of MATAKINA Technology Limited of New Zealand. The company was founded with the vision to enable radiologists to give women the most accurate information about their breast health. VOLPARA Solutions gives an innovative range of volumetric breast imaging solutions that are specifically designed for the early detection of breast cancer. The company has been introduced new and improved solutions all over the globe, including the US, Europe, Asia and Australia. VOLPARA Solutions breast cancer detection technology used on 4 million women and GE Healthcare tie-up set to ramp up global sales. GE healthcare is one of the largest medical device companies. VOLPARA Solutions is the only company that offers a dose measurement tool specifically designed for breast imaging. (volpara solutions wins technology innovation awards, 2014) . Q4. Describe contemporary innovation frameworks. Ans. When employee are working on innovation first of all they make a plan/idea that how to innovate the company. They have to make proper plan and distribute work between the company members. It starts from the idea generation. The next step is making a decision that which project are persuade and which are not. Then they decide the idea to tangible technology or services and then they start making the technology and test them that it works in a good way or not. Then they launch it in the market and learn how the process works. There are some key points which implement innovation in an organisation Platform for success Principle should be correct. Role of employees/their ideas. Focus should be on innovation. VOLPARA SOLUTION FRAMEWORK VOLPARA is running with 53 employees and they all are the expertise. Any technology introduced are checked and tried by all expertise. VOLPARA was a slow service before developing the technology VOLPARA DENSITY. VOLPARA DOSERT provides clinicians with patient-specific x-ray dose. Now they got a technology from which they can detect breast cancer in earlier stage (INNOVATION MANAGMENT.SE, 2013) . Q5. Identify the factors that foster innovation. Ans. Great communication:- if there is a communication gap between the staff members, then the company may have to face lose/unsuccessfulness. There should be a good communication network between the staff, so they can talk to each other understand each other and work together. In VOLPARA there are 53 members, all have their own work and own expertise. Better monitoring of results:- To be successful you have to monitor your products , your past and you also have to think about future. VOLPARA introduce VOLPARA DENSTITY which is fast, from that technology their company is going up. After that they come with a software from which they do high quality breast screening. They are monitoring their older technologies and coming with the new ones to help patient. There are also some external and internal factors External factors: Costumers feedbacks Innovation Change in political or economical cycle. Needs of public Internal factors: Change in leader. Company performance rate Business facing problems (ONLINE JOURNALISM) . Q6. Describe different types of innovation strategy with appropriate examples from NZ organisations. Ans. Basically there are four types of innovation strategies that can be used by VOLPARA SOLUTIONS like Proactive strategy Active strategy Reactive strategy Last but not the least passive strategy PROACTIVE STRATEGY: In this approach companies tries to do more and more research and spend huge expenses to gain each and every information regarding new inventions so that they can adopt the new techniques quickly and become the market leader. In other words we can say they are the high risk taker in the market. The best example for proactive strategy is Singapore airlines and Apple. There are two types of technological innovations used in the proactive strategy is Radical and incremental approach. In incremental approach company tries to bring constant changes in their products and services till they get satisfied. VOLPARA is a research based company, they are researching day by day to bring new technologies. The latest technology they introduced is high quality breast screening, from which they can detect breast cancer in earlier stage. ACTIVE STRATEGY: Another strategy is Active strategy. In this type of strategy company tries to protect or defend their existing technology. Companies who follow this approach have broad knowledge about the market and even technology and they are treated as medium to low risk taker in the market. As per the case study, it is very clear that VOLAPARA has only 4 products in the market and they are best in what they are doing. REACTIVE APPROACH: Reactive strategy is used by the company who are treated as followers of other in the market and they mainly focuses on the operations, apart from this they always looking for low risk opportunities in the market. PASSIVE STRATEGY: last strategy is passive strategy company doesnt bring any change in their products and services until customer wants a change in their products or services (BUSINESS DICTIONARY, 2017) . Q7. Describe The Place Of Professional Values And Ethics In Innovation. Ans. PROFESSIONAL VALUES AND ETHICS IN INNOVATION: There is a relationship between ethics and innovations. Company do innovation to get more profit and ethics is a thing which stops them to take wrong decision/ wrong things for environment and health of public. Companies that foster one they mostly foster the other just because of critical values and respect and trust even they are encouraged and rewarded. Now a day company tries to hear more and more ideas or opinions from their employees and they try to adopt their ideas so that their employees get motivated and feel satisfied. Managers generally have huge responsibilities they have to balance the cost, innovations moreover they have to take care of corporate social responsibility. Even they have to forecast or monitor the ethics dilemma. VOLPARA SOLUTIONS got the award for innovation in health and science. Also, an organization which fosters ethics and values will easily attract good, talented and honest workforce which will eventually be instrumental in shaping the organizations future If we talk about VOLPARA SOLUTIONS their ethics and values are: Achieve the goals effectively and efficiently by taking care of the interest of the customers. Research for new technologies. Whatever they research they first it check it, for public safety. Like it may have side effects. Burdens of public health measures must be recognised. Burden should be minimized and there should be another alternative to reduce the burden. There should be balance between burden and benefits. Treating people with dignity. Treating people fairly. Supporting patients choices (NATIONAL DEFENCE UNIVERSITY) . Q8. Explain why innovation may require change in organisations. Ans. If the company wants to grow, they have to stay firm with their resolution and ethics moving ahead with technologies. VOLPARA has a mission o reduce the mortality and cost of breast cancer by providing clinically-validated software that underpins personalized, high-quality breast cancer screening. also they need to innovate their software so they can research better and come with new technologies in market. Innovation is always better for organisation (VOLPARA SOLUTIONS). Its very clear that if the organisations is coming with changes or coming with new products. Customers/clients always like change. Its always attracted. If you are investing money in changing something in your organisation, it will definitely give you double time profits. VOLPARA is technology/research based company. Their expertises are always trying to find some new technology which can make people healthy. In past VOLPARA is not dealing with phone, now they launched VOLPARA DENSITY (ABOUT VOLPRA, 2017). Q9. Critically analyse the role of leadership and different leadership styles on innovation and change management. Ans. Role of leadership and different leadership styles on innovations and change management: No doubt successful implementation of change depends upon the leaders or managers of the organization. A leader plays an important role in innovation and change management like: Understanding the scope of change: A leader tries to find out the areas where there is a need to bring change in the organization and them also set the priorities that who will guide the change. They also try to measure the affects of change and innovations in the organization. Being to implement the change or bring innovations this requires focusing on who is most affected by new business processes and they also require leaders to take care of their whether they wants to adopt the change or not. Last but not the least makes adjustments. Focus on the outcomes and if there is requirement of bring changes then leaders should take care and make adjustments (IVEY BUSINESS JOURNAL, 2017) . Q10. Using individual ADKAR model or group Lewins model describe the effectiveness of various approaches to the management of resistance. Ans.LEWINS MODEL OF CHANGE: LEWINS model is 3step model. The three steps are: Unfreeze Change Refreeze UNFREEZE: In the first step the change is communicate within the whole organization and should motivate the employees to adopt these changes because these changes are necessary for them. If the organization is suffering from decrease sales, decrease in financial results and profits then should communicate with employees that they cannot work with the older ways or existing ways in the organization they should adopt new changes. It is the most difficult part of the process. Without motivation change cannot be bring in the organization. More participation is required to discuss about the change in the organization. CHANGE: In this people start working in a new way and start thinking new ideas and start supporting the new changes. Change cannot bring overnight in the organization. People takes more time and commit mistakes because everything is new for the whole organization. More contribution should be there so that change can be implemented successfully. People need to understand these changes organization should provide quickly solutions to the mistakes done by the employees. REFREEZE: Refreeze is the last step of LEWINS model. In this stage change become normal for the whole organization. Identify the more things that support the change and removing all barriers that create problem in adoption of changes. Leaders should support each and every employee. There must be rewards system to motivate the employee moreover frequently feedback should be taken from each and every employee. If there is a need of training then training should be given to the employees. Every information and support should be given and success of the organization should be celebrated in the organization. Q11. Draw conclusions about the place of innovation and change management for contemporary organisations. Ans. VOLPARA Is running successful with only 53 staff members, its difficult to manage everything if you got less staff. For the future innovation, researching for the solutions of other cancer, it will increase the business and profit too. For that we have to hire more staff and we can also open new branch, so people can come easily to us. As cancer is very dangerous diseases now a days and it causes death. So finding solution to prevent cancer is a better thinking for our business and public health also. References ABOUT VOLPRA. (2017). Retrieved 02 26, 2017, from VOLPARA SOLUTIONS: http://www.volparasolutions.com/about-volpara/ Business dictionary. (n.d.). Retrieved 02 15, 2017, from what is innovation : http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/innovation.html BUSINESS DICTIONARY. (2017). Retrieved 02 26, 2017, from WHAT IS INNOVATIVE STRATEGY: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/innovation-strategy.html INNOVATION MANAGMENT.SE. (2013). Retrieved 02 26, 2017, from SEVEN STEP TO CREATING A SUCCESSFUL INNOVATION FRAMEWORK: http://www.innovationmanagement.se/2014/01/27/seven-steps-to-creating-a-successful-innovation-framework/ IVEY BUSINESS JOURNAL. (2017). Retrieved 02 26, 2017, from THE LEADERSHIP ROLE: http://iveybusinessjournal.com/publication/the-leadership-role/ Mok, C. (n.d.). Decision Innovation. Retrieved 02 15, 2017, from types of innovation: http://www.innovation-management.org/types-of-innovation.html NATIONAL DEFENCE UNIVERSITY. (n.d.). Retrieved 02 26, 2017, from VALUES AND ETHICS: http://www.au.af.mil/AU/AWC/awcgate/ndu/strat-ldr-dm/pt4ch15.html Online journalism. (n.d.). Retrieved 02 15, 2017, from five factors that foster innovation: https://onlinejournalismblog.com/2009/11/05/five-factors-that-foster-innovation-in-the-online-newsroom/ ONLINE JOURNALISM. (n.d.). Retrieved 02 26, 2017, from FIVE FACTORS THAT FOSTER INNOVATION: https://onlinejournalismblog.com/2009/11/05/five-factors-that-foster-innovation-in-the-online-newsroom/ volpara solutions wins technology innovation awards. (2014, 09 19). Retrieved 02 27, 2017, from health managment.org: file:///C:/Users/india/Downloads/volpara-solutions-wins-technology-innovation-award.pdf